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NOD2 is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor similar in structure and function to Toll like receptors (TLRs). It can recognize and respond to a component found in the cell wall of bacteria, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), and has been shown to play an important role in the innate immune response of macrophages to bacterial infections. However, the function of NOD2 in the gastrointestinal tract and the colon and its contribution of mutant NOD2 alleles to the pathogenesis of CD is still unclear.

In the last decade, stapled hemorrhoidopexy has become increasingly popular and is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids grade 3 and 4. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy does not remove the hemorrhoids, but it is rather a strip of mucosa and submucosa at the top of the hemorrhoids. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is a safe, effective and time-efficient procedure in hands of experienced colorectal surgeons. However, life threatening complications occur occasionally.

BETHESDA, Md. (MedPage Today) -- No therapy against hepatitis B virus has been shown to have made a major dent on the mortality of the disease, found an independent consensus panel convened by the NIH.